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Pancreatic and hepatic secretionsAs would be expected in an animal with a constantly active digestive sys-tem and low protein and carbohydrate intakes the pancreas of the rabbit issmall. It is diffuse, and often difficult to locate within the mesenteric fatlocated between the colon, stomach, and duodenum. The main pancreatic146 R. Rees Davies, J.A.E. Rees Davies / Vet Clin Exot Anim 6 (2003) 139–153duct enters near the end of the duodenum, well away from the entry of thebile duct [17]. Although ligation of the pancreatic duct causes dilation ofthe pancreatic ductules, pancreatic enzymes still appear in the ileal lumen,suggesting the existence of other, minor pancreatic ducts [23]. Trypsin, chy-motrypsin, and carboxypeptidases are produced in the pancreas andreleased into the intestinal lumen. These work along with intestinal amino-peptidases to complete protein digestion. Lipases of various forms arealso produced. The pancreas is an important source of bicarbonate ionsthat neutralize the acidic chyme entering the small intestine from thestomach.The hepatic ducts drain from the liver parenchyma to the gallbladder viaa common bile duct, and thence to the intestine via a cystic duct, whichdrains just distal to the pylorus. The rabbit produces around 100–150 mLof bile per kilogram bodyweight daily, independent of secretin stimula-tion—seven times the rate of production in the dog [22]. Bile acids, suchas cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids, are synthesized by the liver, andreleased into the small intestine where a proportion of these is convertedby microbial activity to deoxycholic acid [8]. The bile acids are importantas detergents that break down fatty or oily material into small micelles,allowing absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the distal smallintestine. The other functional components of bile are the bile pigments.Biliverdin is produced as a breakdown product of hemoglobin, and in mostmammalian species is converted by the action of the biliverdin reductaseenzyme to bilirubin, before being secreted in the bile. The activity of biliver-din reductase is low in the rabbit, 60 times lower than in the rat, and 63% ofbile pigment in rabbits is found as unconverted biliverdin [8,24].Small intestinal secretive and absorptive physiologySmall intestinal digestion and absorption in the rabbit are similar tothat in other species. Bicarbonate ions are secreted in the duodenum toneutralize the acidity of the chyme passing from the stomach. Most ofthe digestion of carbohydrates and simple proteins takes place in the duode-num and jejunum and the products of this digestion (monosaccharides,amino acids) are absorbed across the jejunal brush border. This includesdigestion and absorption of the cecotroph material such as amino acids, vol-atile fatty acids, vitamins, and digested microbial organisms. The digestionof cecotroph microbial protein is aided by the addition of lysozyme into thececotrophs as they pass through the large intestine [25]. Lysis of themicrobes within the cecotrophs also releases microbial enzymes, notablyamylase, which enhances the rabbit’s own digestive processes. The ileumalso plays an important role in regulating and recycling the electrolytessecreted by the stomach and proximal small intestine by reabsorbingbicarbonate ions.
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