Pancreatic and hepatic secretionsAs would be expected in an animal wit Traducción - Pancreatic and hepatic secretionsAs would be expected in an animal wit español cómo decir

Pancreatic and hepatic secretionsAs

Pancreatic and hepatic secretions

As would be expected in an animal with a constantly active digestive sys-
tem and low protein and carbohydrate intakes the pancreas of the rabbit is

small. It is diffuse, and often difficult to locate within the mesenteric fat

located between the colon, stomach, and duodenum. The main pancreatic

146 R. Rees Davies, J.A.E. Rees Davies / Vet Clin Exot Anim 6 (2003) 139–153

duct enters near the end of the duodenum, well away from the entry of the

bile duct [17]. Although ligation of the pancreatic duct causes dilation of

the pancreatic ductules, pancreatic enzymes still appear in the ileal lumen,

suggesting the existence of other, minor pancreatic ducts [23]. Trypsin, chy-
motrypsin, and carboxypeptidases are produced in the pancreas and

released into the intestinal lumen. These work along with intestinal amino-
peptidases to complete protein digestion. Lipases of various forms are

also produced. The pancreas is an important source of bicarbonate ions

that neutralize the acidic chyme entering the small intestine from the

stomach.

The hepatic ducts drain from the liver parenchyma to the gallbladder via

a common bile duct, and thence to the intestine via a cystic duct, which

drains just distal to the pylorus. The rabbit produces around 100–150 mL

of bile per kilogram bodyweight daily, independent of secretin stimula-
tion—seven times the rate of production in the dog [22]. Bile acids, such

as cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids, are synthesized by the liver, and

released into the small intestine where a proportion of these is converted

by microbial activity to deoxycholic acid [8]. The bile acids are important

as detergents that break down fatty or oily material into small micelles,

allowing absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the distal small

intestine. The other functional components of bile are the bile pigments.

Biliverdin is produced as a breakdown product of hemoglobin, and in most

mammalian species is converted by the action of the biliverdin reductase

enzyme to bilirubin, before being secreted in the bile. The activity of biliver-
din reductase is low in the rabbit, 60 times lower than in the rat, and 63% of

bile pigment in rabbits is found as unconverted biliverdin [8,24].

Small intestinal secretive and absorptive physiology

Small intestinal digestion and absorption in the rabbit are similar to

that in other species. Bicarbonate ions are secreted in the duodenum to

neutralize the acidity of the chyme passing from the stomach. Most of

the digestion of carbohydrates and simple proteins takes place in the duode-
num and jejunum and the products of this digestion (monosaccharides,

amino acids) are absorbed across the jejunal brush border. This includes

digestion and absorption of the cecotroph material such as amino acids, vol-
atile fatty acids, vitamins, and digested microbial organisms. The digestion

of cecotroph microbial protein is aided by the addition of lysozyme into the

cecotrophs as they pass through the large intestine [25]. Lysis of the

microbes within the cecotrophs also releases microbial enzymes, notably

amylase, which enhances the rabbit’s own digestive processes. The ileum

also plays an important role in regulating and recycling the electrolytes

secreted by the stomach and proximal small intestine by reabsorbing

bicarbonate ions.
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Pancreatic and hepatic secretionsAs would be expected in an animal with a constantly active digestive sys-tem and low protein and carbohydrate intakes the pancreas of the rabbit issmall. It is diffuse, and often difficult to locate within the mesenteric fatlocated between the colon, stomach, and duodenum. The main pancreatic146 R. Rees Davies, J.A.E. Rees Davies / Vet Clin Exot Anim 6 (2003) 139–153duct enters near the end of the duodenum, well away from the entry of thebile duct [17]. Although ligation of the pancreatic duct causes dilation ofthe pancreatic ductules, pancreatic enzymes still appear in the ileal lumen,suggesting the existence of other, minor pancreatic ducts [23]. Trypsin, chy-motrypsin, and carboxypeptidases are produced in the pancreas andreleased into the intestinal lumen. These work along with intestinal amino-peptidases to complete protein digestion. Lipases of various forms arealso produced. The pancreas is an important source of bicarbonate ionsthat neutralize the acidic chyme entering the small intestine from thestomach.The hepatic ducts drain from the liver parenchyma to the gallbladder viaa common bile duct, and thence to the intestine via a cystic duct, whichdrains just distal to the pylorus. The rabbit produces around 100–150 mLof bile per kilogram bodyweight daily, independent of secretin stimula-tion—seven times the rate of production in the dog [22]. Bile acids, suchas cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids, are synthesized by the liver, andreleased into the small intestine where a proportion of these is convertedby microbial activity to deoxycholic acid [8]. The bile acids are importantas detergents that break down fatty or oily material into small micelles,allowing absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the distal smallintestine. The other functional components of bile are the bile pigments.Biliverdin is produced as a breakdown product of hemoglobin, and in mostmammalian species is converted by the action of the biliverdin reductaseenzyme to bilirubin, before being secreted in the bile. The activity of biliver-din reductase is low in the rabbit, 60 times lower than in the rat, and 63% ofbile pigment in rabbits is found as unconverted biliverdin [8,24].Small intestinal secretive and absorptive physiologySmall intestinal digestion and absorption in the rabbit are similar tothat in other species. Bicarbonate ions are secreted in the duodenum toneutralize the acidity of the chyme passing from the stomach. Most ofthe digestion of carbohydrates and simple proteins takes place in the duode-num and jejunum and the products of this digestion (monosaccharides,amino acids) are absorbed across the jejunal brush border. This includesdigestion and absorption of the cecotroph material such as amino acids, vol-atile fatty acids, vitamins, and digested microbial organisms. The digestionof cecotroph microbial protein is aided by the addition of lysozyme into thececotrophs as they pass through the large intestine [25]. Lysis of themicrobes within the cecotrophs also releases microbial enzymes, notablyamylase, which enhances the rabbit’s own digestive processes. The ileumalso plays an important role in regulating and recycling the electrolytessecreted by the stomach and proximal small intestine by reabsorbingbicarbonate ions.
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Las secreciones pancreáticas y hepáticasComo sería de esperar en un animal con una activa constantemente Digestive sys -Baja ingesta de proteínas y carbohidratos TEM y el páncreas del conejo esPequeño.Es difuso, y a menudo dificil de localizar dentro de la grasa mesentéricaSituado entre el colon, el estómago y el duodeno.El principal del páncreas146 R. Rees Davies, J.A.E. Rees Davies / Vet Clin exot anim 6 (2003) 139 - 153Cerca del final del conducto entra en el duodeno, bien lejos de la entrada de laBile duct [17].Aunque la ligadura del conducto pancreático provoca la dilatación deEl espesor del páncreas, las enzimas pancreáticas todavia aparecen en el lumen ileal,Sugiriendo la existencia de otras, menor conductos pancreáticos [23].La tripsina, Chy -Motrypsin, y carboxypeptidases es producida en el pancreas yLiberado en el lumen intestinal.Estos trabajos junto con amino - intestinalPeptidasas para completar la digestión de proteínas.Las lipasas de diversas formas seTambién produjo.El páncreas es una importante fuente de iones bicarbonatoQue neutralizan el ácido entra en el intestino delgado del quimoEstómago.Los conductos hepaticos Drain del parénquima hepático a la vesicula biliar a traves deUn conducto biliar común, y desde allí al intestino a través de un conducto cístico, queDrena distal al píloro.El conejo produce alrededor de 100 - 150 mlDe la bilis por kilogramo de peso corporal al día, independiente de la secretina estimu -Ción de siete veces la tasa de producción en el perro [22].Los ácidos biliares, talesComo de cólico y ácidos quenodeoxicólico, son sintetizados por el hígado, yLiberan en el intestino delgado donde una proporción de estos se conviertePor actividad microbiana a ácido desoxicólico [8].Los ácidos biliares son importantesComo detergentes que descomponen grasas material en pequeñas micelas,Permitiendo la absorción de grasas y vitaminas solubles en grasa en el distal pequeñoIntestino.Los demás componentes funcionales de la bilis son los pigmentos biliares.Biliverdina se producen como producto de la descomposición de la hemoglobina, y en la mayoría deEspecies de mamíferos es convertido por la acción de la biliverdina reductasaEnzima de la bilirrubina, antes de ser secretada en la bilis.La actividad de biliver -DIN reductasa es baja en el conejo, 60 veces menor que en la rata, y 63% dePigmento de la bilis en los conejos se encuentra como inconversos biliverdina [8,24].Absorción intestinal más pequeño reservado y fisiologíaDigestión y absorción en el intestino del conejo son similares aQue en otras especies.Iones bicarbonato son secretadas en el duodeno aNeutralizar la acidez del quimo pasa desde el estómago.La mayor parte deLa digestión de los carbohidratos y proteínas simples tiene lugar en la duode -Num y yeyuno y los productos de la digestión (monosacáridos,Amino acids) son absorbidas a través del borde en cepillo yeyunal.Esto incluyeDigestión y absorción de los cecotroph materiales tales como aminoácidos, vol -Atile ácidos grasos, vitaminas, y digieren los organismos microbianos.La digestiónDe cecotroph proteína microbiana es ayudada por la adición de lisozima en laCecotrophs cuando pasan a través del intestino grueso [25].Lisis de laLos microbios en la cecotrophs también libera enzimas microbianas, en particularAmilasa, que realza el conejo es propio los procesos digestivos.El íleonTambién desempeña un papel importante en la regulación y el reciclaje de los electrolitosSecretada por el estómago y el intestino delgado proximal reabsorbiendoIones bicarbonato.
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